They can also be neutral, where both opponents strive for an offensive position or disengagement maneuvers, to help an escape.Ĭlassic maneuvers include the lag pursuit or yo-yo, which add distance when the attacker may overshoot the target due to higher airspeed, the low yo-yo, which does the opposite when the attacker is flying too slow, the scissors, which attempts to drive the attacker in front of the defender, and the defensive spiral, which allows a defender to disengage from an attacker. They can be offensive, to help an attacker gain an advantage on an enemy or defensive, to help the defender evade an attacker's weapons. Maneuvers are used to gain a better angular position in relation to the opponent. BFM combines the fundamentals of aerodynamic flight and the geometry of pursuit, with the physics of managing the aircraft's energy-to-mass ratio, called its specific energy. Four P-40 Warhawks performing training maneuvers.īasic fighter maneuvers ( BFM) are tactical movements performed by fighter aircraft during air combat maneuvering (ACM, also called dogfighting), to gain a positional advantage over the opponent.
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